Core Coding Library

Show text and results on the screen with print().

Named boxes that hold a value you can use and change later.

Repeat code many times without retyping, using a loop variable that changes each pass.

Bring in code others wrote — including our own packages.

Package steps under a name so you can reuse them with one call.

Run different code depending on whether something is true.

An ordered collection you can grow, index, and loop over.

Compare values with ==, !=, <, >, <=, >= to get True or False.

Do arithmetic with +, -, *, /, //, %, and **.

Feed values into a function to change what it does.

Look up values by a key instead of a position — key to value pairs.

Combine true/false tests with and, or, not.

Change a list: append, remove, pop, insert, and more.

Get one item from a list by its position (starting at 0).

Send an answer back out of a function with return.

The kinds of values code uses: numbers, text (strings), and booleans.

Generate a sequence of numbers to loop over: range(start, stop, step).

Transform text: upper, lower, strip, split, replace, and more.

A loop inside a loop — rows and columns, grids, every pair.

Build text with values dropped inside using f-strings.

Repeat as long as a condition stays true.

Make things unpredictable with random numbers and choices.

Colors are three numbers: red, green, blue (0-255 each).

Read Python's error messages and fix bugs methodically.

Locate things on a grid with x (across) and y (down).

Read what the user types with input().

Blueprints (classes) that create objects bundling data and behavior.

Extra math: sqrt, sin/cos, pi, floor/ceil.

Build a list in one readable line from a loop.

Where a variable lives — local vs global — and why it matters.

Loop over items and their index at once.

An object's data (attributes) and its actions (methods).

Fixed, unchangeable sequences — great for coordinates and pairs.

Catch errors so your program recovers instead of crashing.